Introduction

In previous session of spinal anesthetic techniques you have learnt how spinal anesthetic is important for lower extremity and lower abdominal surgery and its technique has been well explained. But spinal anesthetic is not without complication from a physiologic response to the local anesthetics as well as the techniques we are employing. In this session you will learn to adopt knowledge, skill and attitude to manage spinal anesthesia intraoperatively which incluludes identifying the immediate and late complication to manage appropriately as well as to consult or refer if the worst comes. In addition you will learn how to maximize the patient safety and comfort by assessing the level of surgical procedure, analyzing the patient monitor and degree of surgical manipulation throughout the surgical procedures.