Communicable Diseases Part 4
Topic outline
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General Features of Faeco-Orally Transmitted Diseases
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Classification of faeco-oral diseases and their infectious agents
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Direct and indirect faeco-oral transmission
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Symptoms and signs of faeco-oral diseases
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Diarrhoea
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How common are diarrhoeal diseases?
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Diagnosis
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Treatment
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Prevention and control of faeco-oral diseases
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Prevention of faeco-oral transmission
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Other ways to reduce the risks of faeco-oral diseases
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Bacterial and Viral Faeco-Oral Diseases
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Cholera
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Infectious agents and occurrence of cholera
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Cholera epidemics
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Symptoms and signs of cholera
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Shigellosis (or bacillary dysentery)
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Infectious agents and occurrence of shigellosis
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Symptoms and signs of shigellosis
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Rotavirus infection and other viral diarrhoeal diseases
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Modes of transmission of diarrhoeal diseases
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Diagnosis of diarrhoeal diseases
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Treatment of bacterial and viral diarrhoeal diseases
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Prevention and control of bacterial and viral diarrhoeal diseases
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Controlling epidemics of diarrhoeal diseases
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Epidemic control measures for cholera
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Epidemic control measures for shigellosis
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Typhoid fever
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Intestinal Protozoa, Ascariasis and Hookworm
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Intestinal protozoal diseases
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Amoebiasis
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Giardiasis
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Intestinal roundworms
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Ascariasis
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Hookworm infection
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Acute Respiratory Tract Infections
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What are acute respiratory tract infections?
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Acute otitis media
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How does acute otitis media affect hearing?
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Causes, transmission and risk factors for acute otitis media
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Clinical manifestations, diagnosis and complications of acute otitis media
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Pharyngitis
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Clinical manifestations and complications of pharyngitis
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Referral of children with pharyngitis for treatment
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Pneumonia
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What is pneumonia and what causes it?
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Pneumonia transmission and risk factors
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Prevention and control of acute respiratory tract infections
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Louse-Borne Diseases: Relapsing Fever and Typhus
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The human body louse
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Louse-borne relapsing fever
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Mode of transmission of relapsing fever
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Actions if you suspect relapsing fever
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Louse-borne typhus
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Actions if you suspect louse-borne typhus
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Prevention of louse-borne relapsing fever and typhus
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Other Vector-Borne Diseases of Public Health Importance
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Schistosomiasis
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Where is schistosomiasis common?
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Mode of transmission of schistosomiasis
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Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of schistosomiasis
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Prevention and control of schistosomiasis
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Leishmaniasis
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Where is leishmaniasis common?
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Mode of transmission of leishmaniasis
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Clinical manifestation and diagnosis of leishmaniasis
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Prevention and control of leishmaniasis
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Onchocerciasis
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Where is onchocerciasis common?
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Mode of transmission of onchocerciasis
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Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of onchocerciasis
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Prevention and control of onchocerciasis
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Lymphatic filariasis
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Where is lymphatic filariasis common?
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Mode of transmission of lymphatic filariasis
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Clinical manifestations of lymphatic filariasis
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Prevention and control of lymphatic filariasis
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Prevention and alleviation of disability due to lymphatic filariasis
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Two Common Zoonotic Diseases: Rabies and Taeniasis
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Diseases of Poor Hygiene and Environmental Health: Trachoma, Scabies and Podoconiosis
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Trachoma – the ‘quiet blindness’
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What causes trachoma?
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Modes of transmission of trachoma
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How common is trachoma?
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Clinical manifestations of trachoma and disease progression
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Prevention and control of trachoma
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Scabies
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What causes scabies and how is it transmitted?
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How common is scabies in Ethiopia?
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Clinical manifestations of scabies
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Podoconiosis
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How does podoconiosis affect people?
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Podoconiosis-plus: problems that need urgent referral
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Prevention of podoconiosis
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General Principles of Public Health Surveillance
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Public health surveillance
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Data collection and recording
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Analysis and interpretation of public health data
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Counting the number, percentage and types of cases
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Incidence rate
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Analysing public health data by person, place and time
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Comparing data in different time periods
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Reporting public health surveillance data and getting feedback
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Linking surveillance information to practice
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Passive surveillance
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Active surveillance
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Mixed surveillance
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Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response
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Importance of the Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) system
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Priority diseases for IDSR
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Role of the primary healthcare professional in IDSR
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Case definitions of priority diseases
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Reporting of priority diseases
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Immediately reportable diseases
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Weekly reportable diseases
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Epidemic Investigation and Management
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What is an outbreak and an epidemic?
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Types of epidemics
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Common source outbreaks
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Propagated or progressive epidemics
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Mixed epidemics
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Epidemic investigation
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Management of epidemics