Communicable Diseases Part 1
Topic outline
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Basic Concepts in the Transmission of Communicable Diseases
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What are communicable diseases?
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Endemic and epidemic diseases
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Prevention and control measures
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Factors involved in the transmission of communicable diseases
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Infectious agents
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Reservoirs of infectious agents
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Route of exit
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Modes of transmission
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Route of entry
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Susceptible hosts and risk factors
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Natural history of a communicable disease
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Stage of exposure
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Stage of infection
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Stage of infectious disease
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Stage of outcome
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Prevention and Control of Communicable Diseases and Community Diagnosis
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Classification of communicable diseases
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Epidemiologic classification
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General approaches in the prevention and control of communicable diseases
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Measures targeting the reservoir of infection
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Measures targeting the mode of transmission
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Measures targeting the susceptible host
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Community diagnosis
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Data collection
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Data analysis
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Prioritising health problems
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Action plan
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Bacterial Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
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Vaccines, immunity and vaccination
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Overview of bacterial vaccine-preventable diseases
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Tetanus
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Definition, cause and occurrence of tetanus
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Mode of transmission of tetanus
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Clinical manifestations of tetanus
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Treatment, prevention and control of tetanus
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Meningococcal meningitis
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Definition and cause of meningococcal meningitis
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Mode of transmission and clinical symptoms
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Diagnosis and treatment of meningitis
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Prevention and control of meningococcal meningitis
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Viral Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
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Overview of viral vaccine-preventable diseases
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Measles
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Definition, cause and occurrence of measles
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Mode of transmission of measles
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Clinical manifestations of measles
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Treatment, prevention and control of measles
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Poliomyelitis (polio)
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Definition, cause and occurrence of polio
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Mode of transmission and clinical manifestation of polio
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Treatment and prevention of polio
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Hepatitis B
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Definition, cause and occurrence of hepatitis B
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Mode of transmission and clinical manifestation of HBV
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Treatment, prevention and control of hepatitis B
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Malaria Epidemiology and Transmission
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The burden of malaria
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Life cycle of the malaria parasite
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Incubation period of malaria
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Partial immunity to malaria
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Life cycle of the mosquito vector
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Adult mosquitoes
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Malaria transmitting vectors
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Distinguishing Anopheles mosquitoes from other types
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Adults
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Behaviour of mosquitoes that transmit malaria
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Factors that Affect Malaria Transmission
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Climatic factors
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Temperature
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Rainfall
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Relative humidity
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Combining the effects of climatic factors
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Malaria vectors
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Water development projects
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Urbanisation
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Population movement and migration
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Human host factors
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Insecticide resistance in vectors
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Drug resistance in malaria parasites
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Interruption of control and prevention measures
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Diagnosis of Malaria
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Clinical diagnosis
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The symptoms and signs of malaria
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Course of malarial disease
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How you can identify cases of malaria
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Danger signs of severe malaria
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Parasitological diagnosis of malaria
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Introduction to rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for malaria
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How to use an RDT to get a malaria test result
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How to read and interpret an RDT test result
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Microscopic test for malaria
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Malaria Case Management
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Treatment of uncomplicated malaria
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Treatment of uncomplicated malaria based on RDT confirmation
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Pre-referral treatment of severe malaria at the basic health facility
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Management of malaria in special groups
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Adherence to malaria treatment
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The role of the health professional in malaria treatment
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Key messages and instructions
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Malaria Prevention: Environmental Management and Larviciding for Vector Control
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Why are mosquito larval control strategies so important?
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Larval control for malaria prevention
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Environmental management for vector control
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Environmental modification
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Environmental manipulation
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Common vector breeding grounds
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Larviciding
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Community participation and organisation of larval control measures
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Other malaria prevention options
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Malaria Prevention: Indoor Residual Spraying of Houses
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Introduction to indoor residual spraying (IRS)
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How does IRS reduce the mosquito population?
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Spraying requirements
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Choice of insecticides
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Commonly used insecticides
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Determining insecticide requirements
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Housing units and structures to be sprayed with insecticide
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Training of spray operators
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Timing of spray operation
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Preparation of houses before spraying
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Undertaking IRS operations
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Correct IRS procedures
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What you need to do to support IRS
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Safe handling of insecticides
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Some problems related to house-spraying
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Malaria Prevention: Insecticide Treated Nets
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ITNs as a malaria prevention tool
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How ITNs work
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Types of ITNs
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Mosquito net models
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Rectangular nets
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Circular nets
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Deciding the number of ITNs per household
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Methods of ITN distribution
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Mass distribution (catch-up) of nets
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Replacement or ‘keep-up’ distribution
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Proper and sustained use of ITNs
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The role of the health professional in education about ITNs
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Monitoring ITN utilisation
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Monitoring and Control of Malaria Epidemics
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What is a malaria epidemic?
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Factors that trigger epidemics
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Environmental factors
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Human factors
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Parasite factors
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Preparedness for malaria epidemics
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Prevention of epidemics
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Detection of malaria epidemics
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Epidemic monitoring charts using ‘second largest number’ method
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Doubling of cases in a week method
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Epidemic control
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Active surveillance
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Post-epidemic assessment
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Assess adequacy of epidemic detection and response