Nutrition
Topic outline
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Food, Diet and Nutrition: an Overview
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Maternal and childhood undernutrition
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The global burden of childhood and maternal undernutrition
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Food, diet and nutrition
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How food keeps us healthy
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What does food do for our body?
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The importance of nutrients
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Using nutrients to build tissue
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Using nutrients to build the body
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Using nutrients to produce energy
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Food and nutrition: cultural and religious taboos
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Nutrition, health and development
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Nutrients and their Sources
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Classification of essential nutrients
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Macronutrients
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Micronutrients
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Macronutrients in detail
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Carbohydrates
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Classification of carbohydrates
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Proteins
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Fats and oils
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Classification of fats
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Water
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Fibre
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Including fibre in the diet
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Vitamins
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Minerals
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A balanced diet
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Helping families to have good balanced diet
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The mixture of foods to use
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Adding other foods to the staple food
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Sources of protein
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Nutritional Requirements Throughout the Lifecycle
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Why it is important to know nutritional requirements
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Nutrition during pregnancy and lactation
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Gaining weight in pregnancy
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Eating during pregnancy
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Preventing anaemia in pregnancy
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Pregnant women with special needs
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Nutrition during lactation (breastfeeding)
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Nutritional requirements in infancy, childhood and adolescence
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Adolescent growth spurt
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Increased need for nutrients
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Nutritional requirements during adulthood
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Nutritional requirements during later years
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Specific nutrient requirements in old age
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Nutritional requirements throughout the life cycle: conclusion
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Elderly people
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Men
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Women
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Adolescents
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School aged children
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Children 1–5 years old
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Babies 6-12 months
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Babies under 6 months old
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Infant and Young Child Feeding
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Infant and young child feeding problems overview
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Global and national recommendations for child feeding during the first 24 months
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Key messages for optimal breastfeeding practices
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Benefits of breastfeeding for the baby
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Nutritional
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Builds up immunity
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Growth factors
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Development factors
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The infant benefits from colostrum
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Benefits of breastfeeding for the mother
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Benefits of breastfeeding for the family
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Benefits of breastfeeding for the community
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Breastfeeding difficulties
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Key messages for optimal complementary feeding practices
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Nutritional assessment
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Anthropometric measurements used to assess growth
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Length
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Height
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Weight
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Head circumference
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Converting measurements to indices
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What is an indicator?
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Anthropometric measurements used to assess body composition
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Measurements of fat-mass (fatness)
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Measuring fat-free mass (muscle mass)
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Measuring the MUAC of children
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Clinical methods of assessing nutritional status
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Checking for bilateral pitting oedema in a child
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Bitot’s spots
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Goitre
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Visible severe wasting
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Dietary methods of assessing nutritional status
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Common Nutritional Problems in developing countries
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Types of malnutrition
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Classification of malnutrition
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Causes of malnutrition
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Political factors
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Cultural factors
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Environmental or natural disasters
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Social factors
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Consequences of malnutrition for communities
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Increased risk of disease and death
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Low productivity of the malnourished individuals
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Poor school performance and attendance
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Poverty perpetuation (a vicious circle)
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Intergenerational cycle of malnutrition
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Strategies to promote proper nutrition in a community
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Preventing Micronutrient Problems
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The importance of micronutrients
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Vitamin A, iodine and iron deficiencies
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Rationale for action against vitamin A deficiency
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Rationale for action against iodine deficiency
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Rationale for action against iron deficiency anaemia
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Causes of vitamin A, iron and iodine deficiencies
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Strategies for the control of vitamin A deficiency
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Estimating vitamin A supplements requirements
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Administering vitamin A supplements safely using a capsule
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Choking after a vitamin A dose
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Dietary diversification and modification for Vitamin A
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Strategies for the control of Iodine deficiency
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Strategies for the control of iron deficiency anaemia
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Prevention and control of vitamin A and iodine deficiencies
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Prevention and control of zinc deficiency
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Zinc deficiency and the Millennium Development Goals
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Addressing zinc deficiency
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Household food security
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Chronic and acute food insecurity
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Causes of household food insecurity
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Indicators of household food insecurity
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Use of coping strategies as indictors of food insecurity
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Dietary diversity score
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Consequences of household food insecurity
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Food security strategies
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Nutrition emergency interventions
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General food distribution
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Selective feeding programmes
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Managing Acute Malnutrition
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Anthropometric criteria for defining severe and moderate acute malnutrition
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Principles of management of moderate acute malnutrition
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Where there is no supplementary feeding programme
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Where there is a supplementary feeding programme
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Child Health Days
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Components of Child Health Days
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Planning for CHD
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Planning for supplies
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Social mobilisation
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CHD service organisation
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Outreach site organisation
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Crowd control
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Reporting
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Managing Severe Acute Malnutrition
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Severe acute malnutrition: deciding patient management
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Management of severe acute malnutrition
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The appetite test
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Interpreting the result of the appetite test
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Management of severe acute malnutrition in out-patient therapeutic programme
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Admission procedures
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Ready-to-use therapeutic food
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Routine drugs
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Follow-up of severely malnourished children in an out-patient therapeutic programme
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Weekly follow-up
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Home visits
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Discharge
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Recording and reporting
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The registration book
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The out-patient therapeutic programme card
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Monthly reporting
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Organisation of the health facility to manage cases in an out-patient therapeutic programme
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Supplies
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Community mobilisation
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Assignment of out-patient therapeutic programme days
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Nutrition Education and Counselling
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Behaviour change communication
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Stages of behaviour change
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The focus of community-based nutrition BCC
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Integrating the seven essential nutrition action into the six health contacts
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Integrating the seven essential nutrition actions into other sectors
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Nutrition behaviour change communication in food-based approaches
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Growth monitoring and promotion
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Objectives of growth monitoring
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The ‘Triple A’ cycle approach
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Counselling mothers and caregivers on child nutrition
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Nutrition and HIV
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Nutrition and infection
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Poor nutrition and HIV: a vicious cycle
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Breaking the cycle of HIV and undernutrition
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The effects of HIV on nutrition
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Nutritional care of people living with HIV
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Nutritional care of HIV-positive adults and adolescents
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Nutritional care of HIV-positive pregnant and lactating women
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Feeding babies and children born from women who are HIV-positive
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Breastfeeding and HIV
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Counselling mothers who are HIV-positive
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Possible feeding options for an infant born to an HIV-positive mother
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Infant feeding during the first six months of life
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Feeding infants and children from six–24 months of age
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Strategies to decrease transmission of HIV during breastfeeding
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