Hygiene and Environmental Health Part 1
Topic outline
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Introduction to the Principles and Concepts of Hygiene and Environmental Health
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Prehistoric and ancient civilisation
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Modern times
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Hygiene and sanitation
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Environmental health
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Components of environmental health
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Environmental health and disease transmission
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The place of environmental health in your community
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Environmental intervention models
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Environmental risk factors
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Urbanisation and industrialisation
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Development as a means of interaction
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The role of environmental health in public health
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Environmental Health Hazards
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What is an environmental health hazard?
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Categories of environmental health hazards
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Physical hazards
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Biological hazards
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Chemical hazards
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Cultural/practice-related hazards
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Social hazards
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Describing environmental exposure to hazards
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Principles of hazard management
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What is pollution?
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Pollution sources and categories
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Principles of pollution management
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Principles of pollution prevention
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Pollution control
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Personal Hygiene
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What is personal hygiene?
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Difference between cleanliness and hygiene
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Public health importance of personal hygiene
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Body hygiene (skin care)
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Oral hygiene (oral care)
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Handwashing (hand care)
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Face hygiene
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Fingernail and toenail hygiene (nail care)
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Ear hygiene
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Hair hygiene (hair care)
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Foot hygiene (foot care)
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Armpit and bottom hygiene
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Clothes hygiene
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Menstrual hygiene (Personal hygiene for women)
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Planning for the improvement of personal hygiene
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Preparing a plan of action for personal hygiene promotion
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Identifying the audience
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Sites for personal hygiene promotion
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How to promote personal hygiene
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Evaluating the status of personal hygiene
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Healthful Housing
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What is healthful housing?
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Basic requirements of healthful housing
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Satisfaction of physiological needs
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Protection against infection
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Protection against accidents
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Protection against psychological and social stresses
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Protecting people at special risk
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Factors affecting healthful housing
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Guidelines for model housing
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Location of housing
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Size of housing
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Type and size of rooms
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Windows
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Structure of the walls
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Kitchen
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Latrines and handwashing facilities
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Cleanliness
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Indoor air pollution
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Planning for the improvement of healthful housing
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Defining problems associated with healthful housing
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Working with the local government
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Working with the community
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Strategies for housing improvements
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Institutional Hygiene and Sanitation
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Scope of institutional hygiene
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Public health importance of institutional hygiene
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Public health importance of school hygiene and sanitation
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Health facilities
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Public offices
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Religious institutions
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Knowing the scope of your activity
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Identifying the problems related to hygiene and sanitation
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Identifying partners that you can work with
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Strategies for assessing and improving institutional hygiene
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Important Vectors in Public Health
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Definition of vector
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Public health importance of vectors
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Vector-borne disease transmission mechanisms
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Arthropods
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Common insect vectors
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Rodents
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Types of rodent
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Behaviour of rats
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Public health importance of rodents
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Vector management and control
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Basic sanitation
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Physical measures
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Use of chemicals
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Biological methods
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Integrated approach
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Planning for the improvement of vector control
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Knowing the scope of vectors
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Identifying the extent of the problem
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Identifying control methods
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Identifying partners in vector management
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Designing the plan of action
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Introduction to the Principles of Food Hygiene and Safety
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Important principles in food hygiene and safety
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What is food?
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Food that is not safe to eat
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Principles of safe food preparation
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Food control
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Important principles in food control
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Components of a food control system
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Communication and education
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Food Contamination and Spoilage
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Infectious agents and foodborne diseases
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Bacteria
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Factors affecting the growth of microorganisms in foods
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Extrinsic factors
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Intrinsic factors
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Routes of microbial contamination of food
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Air and dust
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Soil, water and plants
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Gastrointestinal tract
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Animals
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Animal feeds
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Food handlers
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Food utensils
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Cross-contamination
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Unsafe temperature
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Poor personal hygiene
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Pests
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Avoiding food contamination
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Microbial food contamination
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Chemical contamination of food
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Physical contamination of food
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Food spoilage
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Microbial spoilage
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Physical spoilage
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Chemical spoilage
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Appearance of spoiled food
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Factors affecting food spoilage
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Water content
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Environmental conditions
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Packaging and storage
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Foodborne Diseases and the Investigation of Disease Outbreaks
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Overview of foodborne diseases
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Transmission of foodborne diseases
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Classification of foodborne diseases
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Food poisoning
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Food infection
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A catalogue of foodborne diseases
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Bacterial infections
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Viral infections
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Tapeworms
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Bacterial food poisoning
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General management of foodborne diseases
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Investigation of foodborne disease outbreaks
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Food Protection and Preservation Methods
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General principles of food protection
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Precautions for food storage
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Precautions for food preparation
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Food preservation
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Prevention of contamination (aseptic technique)
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Removal or reduction of microorganisms
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The use of high temperature
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The use of low temperature
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Drying
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Fermentation and pickling
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Chemical preservation
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Other methods of food preservation
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What is a food and drink establishment?
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Categories of food and drink establishments
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Hygienic requirements of food and drink establishments
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Location of the food establishments
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Condition of the building
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Sanitary facilities
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Access to water
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Waste management
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Kitchen and food preparation site
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Cleaning dishes, drinking utensils and cutlery
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Maintaining hygienic kitchen equipment
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Storing and serving foods
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Vector control
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Meat handling and butchery
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Food handlers’ health and hygiene
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Sanitary inspection in food and drink establishments
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What is the purpose of the inspection?
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When to inspect
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Informing the owners about the sanitary inspection
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How and what to inspect
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Concluding the sanitary inspection
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Hygiene and Safety Requirements for Foods of Animal Origin
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Meat and its dangers
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Beef tapeworm
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Anthrax
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Abattoirs and meat transportation
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Hygiene in the butcher’s shop
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Meat preservation methods
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Your role in controlling tapeworm infection
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Fish hygiene and its health impact
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Environmental conditions that can contaminate fish
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Diseases associated with poor fish hygiene
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Assessment of fish quality
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Preservation of fish
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Milk hygiene
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Sources of milkborne diseases
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Diseases that may be transmitted from milk cows
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Essentials of milk hygiene
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Methods of making milk safe
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Poultry and egg hygiene
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Poultry keeping and processing
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Handling eggs
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Storing eggs